Using counting strategies, as opposed to using stored (memorized) ...

[mydiamond]

Using counting strategies, as opposed to using stored (memorized) arithmetic facts,
 
  a. mostly has disappeared by the time students begin school
  b. is actively discouraged by most math scholars and researchers
  c. tends to be used only by the least capable students
  d. none of the above

Question 2

Most cognitive researchers view children's knowledge about addition and subtraction
  as consisting of
 
  a. large networks of algorithms
  b. complex conceptual structures invented by students
  c. built directly on a variety of bugs, especially those for subtraction
  d. depending on their ability to label the major problem typologies

[lgoldst9]

Answer to Question 1

d

Answer to Question 2

b