Answer to Question 1
Standards are statements that describe what students should know or be able to do at the end of a prescribed period of study, standards-based education focuses curricula and instruction on these standards, and accountability is the process of requiring students to demonstrate that they have met specified standards and making teachers responsible for students' performance. High-stakes tests are standardized tests that are used to make important decisions affecting schools, teachers, and students, such as promoting students from one grade level to another.
Answer to Question 2
Self-regulated learning is a subset of self-regulation. Self-regulated learning includes: (1) setting goals, such as setting the goal of solving 2 problems a night if a problem set involves 10 problems and it's due in 5 days; (2) goal monitoring, such as simply keeping track of how many problems have been solved; (3) metacognitionmainta ining awareness of the progress you're making; and