Answer to Question 1
- Physicalism: all mental states are explainable in terms of physical brain states; there is no separate, immaterial self.
- Functionalism: Mental states (beliefs, desires, being in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their functional rolethat is, they cause other mental states, sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs. Jerry Fodor takes behaviorism farther, pointing out that mental events, activities, or processes form connections between sensory stimulus and behavioral response.
- Eliminative Materialism: Our ordinary, commonsense understanding of the mind is deeply wrong and that some or all of the mental states posited by common sense do not actually exist. Paul Churchland says that the usual terms that describe mental states are folk psychology; we need a new vocabulary and conceptual framework grounded in neuroscience.
Answer to Question 2
- Ryle's philosophy aligns with behaviorism in psychology, where the self is defined in terms of the individual's behavior.
- Ryle characterized Descartes' myth of the dualism of mind and body as the ghost in the machine, where the immaterial self is rattling around inside the physical body.
- For Ryle, the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.
- Inherent problems: Ryle's denial of inner selves causes a difficulty analogous to Hume's denial of a similar entitynamely, that Ryle writes, speaks, and acts as if the existence of the inner self is not in doubt
Deserts differ across the world. (a) Acacia trees between a gravel plain and sand dunes in the Namib
Convergent evolution in body forms
First-pass effect: (a) drugs are absorbed; (b) drugs enter hepatic portal circulation and go directl
Distribution and Forms of Precipitation: Graupel and Hail
How Precipitation Forms
Peptide bond as resonance hybrid of two forms