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It is believed that the Incas used anesthesia. Evidence supports the theory that shamans chewed cocoa leaves and drilled holes into the heads of patients (letting evil spirits escape), spitting into the wounds they made. The mixture of cocaine, saliva, and resin numbed the site enough to allow hours of drilling.
Women are 50% to 75% more likely than men to experience an adverse drug reaction.
Patients should never assume they are being given the appropriate drugs. They should make sure they know which drugs are being prescribed, and always double-check that the drugs received match the prescription.
Vaccines prevent between 2.5 and 4 million deaths every year.
Intradermal injections are somewhat difficult to correctly administer because the skin layers are so thin that it is easy to accidentally punch through to the deeper subcutaneous layer.
![(a) The Dmanisi cranium (right) shows similarities to early African H. erectus including the Narioko](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_275510_22_02_15_6_06_47_20781142.jpeg)
![This photograph of a Union soldier just freed from Andersonville prison, stunned and enraged norther](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_376063_22_08_15_11_28_16_22363695.jpeg)