Tolman was interested in examining the role of expectations in behavior. Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the method he used to study expectations?
a. He never reinforced any given response in the same way twice.
b. He reinforced a response the same way for several trials, then abruptly changed the type or amount of reinforcement.
c. He asked subjects what they were expecting a particular response to accomplish.
d. He gave his subjects a lengthy survey that included two or three questions concerning their expectations about the experiment.
Question 2
Which one of the following statements best describes the history of contemporary cognitive theory?
a. It has been a major force guiding learning research ever since computers were used to understand cognition.
b. It has been the dominant perspective in learning research only in the past six or seven decades.
c. Its roots can be traced to the work of verbal learning theory, which in turn evolved from Jean Piaget's research in Switzerland.
d. It gained prominence only when psychologists began to cast aside the need for objectivity in psychological research.
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