Which one of the following alternatives best describes the differences between people with a mastery orientation and those with learned helplessness?
a. People with a mastery orientation expect that they will have to work extremely hard to master new tasks. People with learned helplessness usually overestimate their abilities.
b. People with a mastery orientation set easily attainable goals and become frustrated when they don't attain those goals effortlessly. People with learned helplessness set goals that are almost impossible to attain.
c. People with a mastery orientation attribute their successes to external, uncontrollable factors. People with an attitude of learned helplessness attribute failures to internal, controllable factors.
d. People with a mastery orientation set high goals and seek challenges. People with learned helplessness underestimate their ability and set low goals.
Question 2
Marlita failed her English literature exam. Given what research tells us about the role of self-protective bias as a factor affecting students' attributions, how is Marlita least likely to explain her failure?
a. She had bad luck.
b. She didn't study enough.
c. The teacher writes bad exams.
d. The room was too noisy during the exam.
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