William is shopping at a convenience store when a man rushes in, shoots the store clerk in the arm, hurriedly cleans out the cash register, and then speeds away in a pickup truck. Later, a detective asks William to describe the woman who was waiting for the thief in the truck. The fact is, William didn't see a woman in the truck, but after the detective urges him to think hard and try to remember her, he begins to recall seeing a blonde woman sitting in the passenger side of the truck. This situation illustrates:
a. the misinformation effect
b. a retrieval cue
c. spreading activation
d. encoding specificity
Question 2
After meeting a new neighbor, Shandra mistakenly calls him David on several occasions. Eventually the neighbor kindly corrects her, saying, My name is actually Darren. After that, Shandra correctly calls the man Darren, but initially she has to work hard not to call him David instead. Which one of the following concepts best characterizes the change in Shandra's memory?
a. retrieval-induced forgetting
b. encoding specificity
c. the misinformation effect
d. a retrieval cue
