Answer to Question 1During the Carboniferous, southern Gondwana moved over the south pole, resulting in glaciation that
produced global sea level changes. Gondwana moved northward, collided with Laurasia during the
Early Carboniferous and continued suturing with it during the rest of the Carboniferous. Finally,
Gondwana and Laurasia came together, and Siberia collided with Kazakhstania and moved toward
Laurasia, colliding with it during the Early Permian. Other continental collisions occurred during the
Permian. A single enormous ocean Panthalassa surrounded Pangaea and spanned Earth pole to pole.
Answer to Question 2Archean crust came together through a series of island-arc and minicontinent collisions, providing the
nuclei around which Proterozoic continental crust accreted. Between 2.0 and 1.8 billion years ago
(BYA), collisions between Archean-age crust formed a large craton. Between 1.8 and 1.6 BYA,
younger belts were added to the craton. At 1.6 to 1.3 BYA, extensive igneous activity, possibly related
to large-scale upwelling of magma, occurred. Finally, the Grenville orogeny, in the eastern U.S. and
Canada between 1.3 and 1.0 BYA was the final episode of continental accretion of Laurentia. Rifting
during the orogeny generated basaltic volcanism and sedimentary rocks.
Image of an Almost-Extrasolar Planet
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Formation of Pangaea
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Describe the Conceptual Forecasting Framework in your own words.
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