Author Question: Which one of the following best describes contemporary theorists' perspective on classical ... (Read 72 times)

Bernana · **on:** Jun 20, 2018

Which one of the following best describes contemporary theorists' perspective on classical conditioning?

a. Cognitive factors, such as mental representations of stimuli and predictions that organisms make, must often be considered in addition to observable stimuli and responses.
b. Despite Pavlov's early findings to the contrary, higher-order conditioning and generalization seldom occur.
c. Classical conditioning typically occurs only in conjunction with operant conditioning; for example, conditioned stimuli elicit conditioned responses only when those responses are followed by reinforcement.
d. Classical conditioning occurs primarily in artificial laboratory conditions; it rarely occurs in more naturalistic, real-life settings.

Question 2

Paul is usually successful on the math problems his teacher assigns at school, although he occasionally fails on one or two problems. In contrast, Peter's experiences with mathematics are almost always associated with frustration and failure. Considering contemporary views of the roles of contiguity and contingency in classical conditioning, who will acquire classically conditioned anxiety regarding mathematics?

a. Both Paul and Peter will develop a considerable degree of mathematics anxiety.
b. Only Paul will develop math anxiety, because the relationship between math and failure is unpredictable.
c. Only Peter will develop math anxiety, because whenever math is presented, failure always follows.
d. Neither Paul nor Peter will develop math anxiety, because neither situation reflects contingency of the CS and UCS.