Answer to Question 1
Waterborne disease (pathogens) reaches water through animal (including human) wastes being discharged to land or water; the basic impact is disease. Human and animal wastes reach water by either direct discharge or runoff from land; the basic impact is the addition of nutrients (limiting factors) and disease to water. Chemicals pollute water by either direct discharge to water or runoff from land; the basic impacts are rendering water unpalatable (or dangerous) for humans and dangerous for aquatic life. Sediments reach water as a result of erosion; the basic impact is to increase turbidity and increase the nutrient load.
Answer to Question 2
Social modernization does not require the economic trappings of a developed country. Instead, what is needed are efforts made on behalf of the poor, with particular emphasis on the following: (1) education, especially improving literacy and education of girls and women equally with boys and men; (2) improving health, especially lowering infant mortality; (3) making family planning accessible; (4) enhancing income through employment opportunities; and (5) improving resource management (reversing environmental degradation).
In this cartoon, Boss Tweed welcomes cholera—a skeletal figure of death carrying a handbag from “Asi
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