Answer to Question 1
ANS: C
A. Incorrect response: See explanation C.
B. Incorrect response: See explanation C.
C. Correct response: Methemoglobin (metHb) results when the iron atom in heme is oxidized from Fe2+ (ferrous ion) to Fe3+ (ferric ion). In the ferric state (oxidized form), iron is incapable of binding with O2, and the affinity of other heme groups for O2 increases (i.e., shifts the oxyhemoglobin curve to the left). The normal methemoglobin blood level (<2) may be due in part to metabolism of endogenous NO. Methemoglobin reductase within erythrocytes converts endogenously produced methemoglobin to normal hemoglobin. Methemoglobinemia is uncommon at the NO doses used for therapeutic (20 ppm) inhalation. A few cases of methemoglobinemia have been reported in association with iNO therapy, generally with high doses of iNO (e.g., 80 or more ppm). In patients with decreased methemoglobin reductase, methemoglobinemia will be more likely.
D. Incorrect response: See explanation C.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: A
A. Correct response: The usual treatment of methemoglobinemia is infusion of methylene blue, which increases NADH methemoglobin reductase. Methemoglobinemia can also be treated with ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The production of methemoglobin in patients treated with iNO is dose-dependent; methemoglobinemia is rare at usual therapeutic doses of less than 20 ppm.
B. Incorrect response: See explanation A.
C. Incorrect response: See explanation A.
D. Incorrect response: See explanation A.
The patient's signature on the informed consent form indicates that the patient understands the
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