Answer to Question 1
ANS: B
Several different types of hormones may influence urine output during mechanical ventilation. Specifically, these include ADH, atrial natriuretic factor, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade. Increases in the release of ADH, also called arginine vasopressin, from the posterior pi-tuitary can reduce urine production by inhibiting free water excretion.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: C
PPV increases splanchnic resistance, decreases splanchnic venous outflow, and may contribute to gastric mucosal ischemia, which can increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and gastric ul-cers. Both of these conditions are complications frequently seen in critically ill patients.
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