Answer to Question 1
ANS: B
A pulse oximeter uses spectrophotometry to differentiate between oxyhemoglobin and deoxy-genated hemoglobin. Two wavelengths of light (660 and 940 nm) are shined through a sample site. Oxyhemoglobin absorbs more light at 940 nm (infrared IR light) than does deoxygenated hemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin absorbs more light at 660 nm. The use of cyclical changes in light transmission measured at the sampling site is the method to determine the pulse rate with a pulse oximeter. A heated polarographic electrode is used for transcutaneous partial pressure of oxygen (PtcO2) measurements. A color sensing device is used to detect the amount of carbon dioxide in exhaled gas.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: D
Hysteresis can be thought of as a lagging of one of two associated phenomena; that is, two asso-ciated phenomena fail to coincide or occur simultaneously. The term scalar is used to specify the flow, pressure, and volume waveforms that are graphed relative to time (i.e., pressure, flow, and volume scalars). Basically, six shapes (waveforms) are produced with scalars during mechanical ventilation. The term loop is used to describe a graph of two variables plotted on the x and y co-ordinates, such as pressure-volume and flow-volume loops (these are discussed later in the chap-ter).
Differences in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves under different physiological conditions and am
The heme group is present in myoglobin, hemoglobin, and many other proteins
Diversity in hemoglobin structures
Combined effects of CO2 and BPG on oxygen binding by hemoglobin
Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin, like the three similar ones, are smooth and round
Structure of hemoglobin, the oxygen-transporting protein of red blood cells. It consists of four glo