Answer to Question 1
B
This is the basis of a conflict-of-interest fear. Nurses themselves control access to the profession, design their own standards of professional behavior, and discipline those whose actions fall outside the realm of acceptable practice. To allay that fear, nurses need to be vocal advocates for their patients and demonstrate the ability to perform these three functions with integrity.
Nurses have been expanding their scope of practice through specialties (e.g., wound care nursing) and advanced practice roles. However, when this has been done, nurses have been able to show a clear need for these services.
Nurses do create their own standards but do so in organizations or as individuals that use best practice guidelines and conduct research to show patient benefit. The public does have a voice, and in essence, oversight, because they can be involved in politics (voting) and give commentary to nursing organizations and boards of nursing.
Nursing does have dependent (physician-directed) activities along with independent activities, but as a profession, nursing should have autonomous control over its practice.
Answer to Question 2
C
The principle of stakeholder cooperation says that over the long run, the interests of each group must be satisfied by the organization, and mutual support from all entities is needed for this to happen.
Encouraging stakeholders to cooperate to allow continuous change corresponds to the principle of continuous creation.
Giving stakeholders options in design and output of the system more closely relates to the principle of emergent competition.
The principle of continuous creation states that entities cooperate with each other to create change and value.
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