Answer to Question 1
The assumption behind culture fair tests is that all cultures do not look at intelligence or intelligent behavior the same way. What might be considered intelligent behavior in one culture may not be viewed that way in another. Also, cultures differ in the complexities of their language and how members interpret concept. Thus culture fair tests try as much as possible to incorporate universal or near universal concepts that occur inmost cultures. They try to mitigate the effects of language by asking questions that measure nonverbal attributes.
Answer to Question 2
Group tests possess time and economic efficiency. They can be given to a number of students at once. As such, they are usually given more often to the average student than those suspected of possessing a disability. Group tests are usually be administered by an individual familiar with administration and scoring. They are less diagnostic than individual tests and are more dependent on student reading ability. Individual tests are given in a one-on-one setting. Hence they are more expensive and time consuming to give. These tests however allow for more follow-up questions and behavioral observations than group tests. They depend less on reading than group tests. However, they usually can be administered and scored only by a licensed school psychologist.
Great Serpent Mound, Adams County, Ohio, Hopewell culture.
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A sample of work by a Grade 4 student with a specific learning disorder