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Cocaine was isolated in 1860 and first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. Its first clinical use was by Sigmund Freud to wean a patient from morphine addiction. The fictional character Sherlock Holmes was supposed to be addicted to cocaine by injection.
Coca-Cola originally used coca leaves and caffeine from the African kola nut. It was advertised as a therapeutic agent and "pickerupper." Eventually, its formulation was changed, and the coca leaves were removed because of the effects of regulation on cocaine-related products.
When blood is exposed to air, it clots. Heparin allows the blood to come in direct contact with air without clotting.
Amoebae are the simplest type of protozoans, and are characterized by a feeding and dividing trophozoite stage that moves by temporary extensions called pseudopodia or false feet.
In women, pharmacodynamic differences include increased sensitivity to (and increased effectiveness of) beta-blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics.
![The common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) is a small New World primate from the Cebidae (squirre](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_12359_08_06_12_5_26_17.jpeg)
![The Canadian ballot is considerably simpler than the American ballot. Note there is nothing like a c](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_262797_12_08_15_1_37_19_221871018.png)