Colleen can understand all of the following sentences. Which one ...

[savannahhooper]

Colleen can understand all of the following sentences. Which one of the sentences represents new language development for a child during middle childhood?
 
  a. Hold up fingers to show me how old you are.
  b. What are you holding in your right hand?
  c. Think of the sound a dog makes and try to sound like a dog.
  d. Watch him lift the timber. He's an ox.

Question 2

Among researchers and educators, the debate about retention of students continues. Who is most likely to be retained in school? What are the pros and cons of such retention?
 
  What will be an ideal response?

[Brummell1998]

Answer to Question 1

D

Answer to Question 2

Most grade retention occurs in the early grades. About 20 of high school seniors were held back a grade at some point in their educational career. Increasingly, some parents are making the choice to retain their children in kindergarten so they will be ready and have an edge over their peers in later grades. The main reason teachers and parents advocate grade retention is to avoid social-promotion of children who are not academically on track. Moreover, some believe that children will try harder because they are aware of the consequences of not being grade level ready. However, not all researchers and educators agree. A study conducted by Hong and Raudenbush (2005) reviewed the findings of nearly 100 years of research and the weight of evidence indicates that retention is not helpful and may be harmful. They concluded that holding students back is associated with long-term negative outcomes such as school drop-out, low self-esteem, higher arrest rates, and more. There is little consensus about the benefits of grade retention and researchers and educators today focus more on readiness so that grade retention and social promotion are unnecessary.