Critical incident stress management (CISM) is provided to help ...

[OSWALD]

Critical incident stress management (CISM) is provided to help emergency personnel successfully manage the stress produced by the crises and disasters that they are called upon to respond to.
 
  As a result of meta-analysis of existing data about the effectiveness of CISM, Bledsoe recommends that CISM: a. is universally helpful to emergency personnel even if they initially resist the intervention
  b. is most effective when offered in a peer group counseling format
  c. should never be mandatory, because it may lead to a worsening of stress symptoms
  d. should be provided as one-on-one individual counseling over six or more sessions

Question 2

Madeleine Leininger's theory directs the nurse to understand the meaning of crisis events for the client from:
 
  a. within the client's cultural perspective
  b. a comparison with American culture
  c. the nurse's perspective of the event
  d. whatever cultural rules are known

[Fayaz00962]

Answer to Question 1

C
Bledsoe recommends that CISM should never be mandatory, because it may lead to a worsening of stress symptoms. It is believed that debriefing may not always be effective and for some individuals it may actually lead to a worsening of the stress symptoms.

Answer to Question 2

A
Leininger's theory directs the nurse to understand the meaning of crisis events for the client from within a client's cultural perspective. Nurses skilled in cultural care understand that there are important cultural perspectives in all life's events. Related to crisis, cultural care theory guides the nurse in two matters: recognizing that crises are culturally determined and understanding that insensitive cross-cultural experiences can produce crisis and culture conflict for the nurse and client.

[OSWALD]

Excellent

[meow1234]

Great answer, keep it coming