Answer to Question 1
C
Mind modulation is the process by which thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and feelings are converted by the brain into neurohormonal messenger molecules. This concept helps explain how the mind can modulate and influence biochemical functions throughout the rest of the body, and the path through which thoughts and emotions can positively or adversely affect a person's body systems.
Answer to Question 2
B
Pharmacological interventions have been found to be useful in the treatment of the positive symptoms of PTSD including hyperarousal and reexperiencing phenomenon, and to a lesser extent the negative symptoms of PTSD, including avoidance symptoms. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are generally considered the first line of pharmacological treatment for individuals diagnosed with PTSD. These medications help with symptoms including depression, irritability, anxiety, and intrusive thoughts. The SNRI venlafaxine also has been found to be helpful in the management of this disorder. Benzodiazepines may be helpful in managing anxiety, insomnia, and hyperarousal, but they should be used cautiously due to the high degree of comorbid substance abuse in veterans. Mood stabilizers have not been demonstrated to be effective in the management of PTSD symptoms.