David Lewis-Williams argues that Upper Paleolithic cave art is evidence of shamanistic trances. Which of the following does he use as evidence for his interpretation?
a. According to cross-cultural psychological and neurological research, when individuals go into a trance, they go through three levels of consciousness, each with distinctive visual aspects. These visual aspects are seen in cave art.
b. No societies known to anthropology practice a form of religion that involves shamanism. Shamans culturally interpret the visions seen while in an altered state of consciousness. The cave art is a record of what the shaman saw while in trance.
c. The oracle found in the cave was sufficient evidence to conclude that shamanistic rituals took place inside caves.
d. The lack of cross-cultural psychological and neurological research to argue otherwise.
e. He uses commentaries from Africa's Ju/'hoansi who can see into the past and know what someone saw in trance thousands of years ago.
Question 2
The expression of abstract ideas through art and writing systems is termed
a. religion.
b. ritual.
c. iconography.
d. cosmology.
e. cognition.
Cave on Flores Island where the specimens were discovered
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