In an experiment, the researcher was unintentionally talkative to one of the participant groups. What best describes the threat to internal validity and why is it a threat?
a. Randomness, since being talkative can make this particular group more relaxed and better able to perform.
b. Participant-maturation interaction, since being friendly to one group can introduce a confound.
c. History, since this unintended interaction was not part of the independent variable, a confound was introduced.
d. Testing, since the other group might feel cheated for being treated more formally by the researcher, and this introduces counterbalancing.
Question 2
For a study to be considered a true experiment according to Campbell and Stanley, there must be at least ____ level(s) of the independent variable.
a. random
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
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