To determine the effect of counseling on the self-esteem of divorced women, a researcher measures the self-esteem of a group of women before and after they have received counseling and compares the before and after measurements. What type of design does this study represent?
a. pretest-posttest control group design
b. posttest only control group design
c. one-group pretest-posttest design
d. nonequivalent control group design
Question 2
A researcher would like to know whether his new dog training program is effective. He tests a group of dogs before they start the program, and then again afterwards. What research design has he used?
a. one-group pretest-posttest design
b. pretest-posttest control group design
c. posttest only control group design
d. nonequivalent control group design
The mechanism of maternal effect in snail coiling.
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