Answer to Question 1
B
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The nurse should ask direct and specific questions about the nature of the pain and whether it changes with medication, as this helps the nurse to quickly gather objective data about the client's pain. The nurse should avoid asking irrelevant and closed-ended questions, such as whether the client's diet includes red meat and poultry products or whether the client has thought about the effects of his condition on the rest of his family. These types of questions do not add any value to pain assessment but could make the client feel more depressed and uncomfortable.
Answer to Question 2
D
Pneumothorax results from accumulation of gas or air in the pleural space as a result of an interruption in pleural integrity, creating compression of lung tissue. In a closed pneumothorax, there is no communication between the pleura and the external environment, such as may occur from blunt trauma to the chest; this situation is reversed in an open pneumothorax. In a spontaneous pneumothorax, there is no obvious underlying cause of lung collapse. When air enters the pleural space on inspiration but is unable to exit on expiration, a tension pneumothorax exists; this condition is life-threatening. Blood within the pleural space is known as hemothorax, and if air accompanies the blood, it is called hemopneumothorax; this condition may occur with trauma or surgery.
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