Answer to Question 1
A
The orientation phase begins with introducing oneself and one's position and explaining the purpose of the interview. The nurse explains to patients why the data are being collected and assures the patient that the information will remain confidential and will be used only by health care professionals who provide his or her care. During the working phase you gather information about a patient's health status. When the interview comes to an end, this is called termination. Assessment is the first step in the nursing process, not the first step in an interview.
Answer to Question 2
A
To be distributed to an organ, a medication needs to pass through all the biological membranes of that organ. Some membranes serve as barriers to the passage of medications. For example, the blood-brain barrier allows only lipid-soluble medications to pass into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore central nervous system (CNS) infections sometimes require treatment with antibiotics injected directly into the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord. Older patients often experience adverse effects (e.g., confusion) because they experience a change in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, which enhances the passage of fat-soluble medications into the brain. Lipid-soluble, nonionized drugs easily cross the placenta and can cause serious harm to the fetus.
The nurse cares for the postop client in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).
The liver in this photograph was from a deceased patient with an advanced state of cirrhosis.
To check pupillary reflexes the nurse first holds the penlight
Inspecting a patient’s ear during a physical examination.
The correct beginning position for the patient’s feet and crutches (tripod position).
Koplik spots in the mouth of a patient with measles.