Answer to Question 1
A
Primary prevention decreases the vulnerability of an individual (or population) to disease. Secondary prevention focuses on people who are experiencing health problems. Tertiary prevention occurs when a disability is permanent, irreversible, and stabilized. Health prevention is not a concept nurses promote, whereas health promotion or illness prevention are strategies nurses use.
Answer to Question 2
D
According to Kohlberg (1964), moral development is one component of psychosocial development. It involves the reasons an individual makes a decision about right and wrong behaviors within a culture. Moral development depends on the child's ability to accept social responsibility and to integrate personal principles of justice and fairness. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) provided the first formal structured theory of personality development. Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido) and aggressive energies. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) developed the theory of cognitive development, which describes children's intellectual organization and how they think, reason, and perceive the world. Erik Erikson divided life into eight stages, known as Erikson's eight stages of development. According to this theory, individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully completing each stage. Each task is framed with opposing conflicts, such as trust versus mistrust. Each stage builds upon the successful attainment of the previous developmental conflict. Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) expanded on Piaget's work.
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