Answer to Question 1
ANS: A
Assure the mother that the child is displaying normal behavior. At 18 months, the child is in the sensorimotor period of development. Piaget describes hitting, looking, grasping, and kicking as normal schemas to deal with the environment. The social worker does not need to be consulted in this case nor is psychological counseling warranted, because the child is exhibiting normal behaviors. Play is an important part of all children's development. Removing toys and the opportunity to play with them may actually hinder the child's development.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: B
Discussing the topic of justice demonstrates that the adolescent is concerned about issues that affect others besides self. In the formal operations period, as adolescents mature, their thinking moves to abstract and theoretical subjects. They have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. Hitting would be a common schema during the sensorimotor stage of development. Using play to learn about the environment is indicative of the preoperational stage. During the concrete operations stage (ages 6 to 12 years), children are able to coordinate two concrete perspectives in social and scientific thinking, such as understanding the difference between hiding and melting.
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