Answer to Question 1
Ans: A, B, D
The Joint Commission recommendations include teaching all clients to use a pain-rating scale and determining a pain-rating goal with each client. Nursing interventions to achieve this goal include establishing a trusting nursepatient relationship; manipulating factors that affect the pain experience; initiating nonpharmacologic pain relief measures; managing pharmacologic interventions; reviewing additional pain control measures; ensuring ethical and legal responsibility to relieve pain; and educating the client about pain.
Answer to Question 2
Ans: B
Distraction is useful when clients are undergoing brief periods of sharp, intense pain, such as dressing changes, wound dbridement, biopsy, or incident pain from shifting positions.