Answer to Question 1
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The patient should be warned of possible blurring of vision when taking this drug, which could put the patient at risk for injury if precautions are not taken. Adverse effects could include central nervous system adverse effects, such as blurred vision, pupil dilation and resultant photophobia, cycloplegia, and increased intraocular pressure, all of which are related to the blocking of the parasympathetic effects in the eye.
Answer to Question 2
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a permanent, chronic obstruction of airways, often related to cigarette smoking. It is caused by two related disorders, emphysema and chronic bronchitis, both of which result in airflow obstruction on expiration, as well as overinflation of the lungs and poor gas exchange. Emphysema is characterized by loss of the elastic tissue of the lungs, destruction of alveolar walls, and a resultant alveolar hyperinflation with a tendency to collapse with expiration. Chronic bronchitis is a permanent inflammation of the airways with mucus secretion, edema, and poor inflammatory defenses. Characteristics of both disorders often are present in the person with COPD. Pneumonia and pleural effusion are not chronic conditions. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease of excessive pulmonary tract secretions and GI tract involvement.
Male genitourinary system.
A goniometer is used to measure range of motion of the patient’s arm.
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Amyloid plaques (stained blue) in the brain of a deceased patient who had Alzheimer’s disease.
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