Author Question: Which two phases make up normal sleep? a. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic b. Rapid eye movement (REM) ... (Read 41 times)

stevenposner · **on:** Jul 24, 2018

Which two phases make up normal sleep?

a. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic
b. Rapid eye movement (REM) and non REM
c. Alpha and beta
d. Delta and theta

Question 2

A patient receiving diazepam (Valium) is complaining of nausea and vomiting and is becoming jaundiced. Which type of blood work will be performed?

a. Renal function tests
b. Liver function tests
c. Clotting times
d. Electrolyte panels

ngr69 · **Reply #1 on:** Jul 24, 2018

Answer to Question 1

ANS: B
Normal sleep can be divided into two phases, REM and non REM. Hypnagogic is the state between waking and sleeping; hypnopompic is the transition between sleeping and waking states. Beta waves are those associated with day to day wakefulness. During periods of relaxation while still awake, our brain waves become slower, increase in amplitude, and become more synchronous. These types of waves are called alpha waves. The first stage of sleep is characterized by theta waves. During a normal night's sleep, a sleeper passes from the theta waves of stages 1 and 2 to the delta waves of stages 3 and 4. Delta waves are the slowest and highest amplitude brain waves.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: B
Liver function tests will be performed because nausea, vomiting, and jaundice can be indicative of hepatotoxicity. Abnormal liver function test results (i.e., elevated bilirubin, aspartate transaminase AST, alanine transaminase ALT, gamma-glutamyl transferase GGT, and alkaline phosphatase levels, as well as prothrombin time) are indicative of hepatotoxicity. Benzodiazepines do not affect the kidneys, clotting times, and electrolytes.