Answer to Question 1
In an observational study, researchers simply observe and measure specific characteristics as in a sample survey. In a designed experiment researchers apply some treatment and controls and then proceed to observe its effects on the subjects and take measurements.
Answer to Question 2
(i) The population consists of all heads-of-household in the country. The variable of interest is the household income of each residence.
(ii) The mean of 35,352 is a parameter since it is derived from the entire population. Thus, we write = 35,352.