Answer to Question 1
Religious belief in the Indo-European sense
Numerous local folk religions, including spirit worship, i.e., respect of natural and supernatural forces and ancestor worship
Answer to Question 2
Confucianism good governance required a fixed social hierarchy in which loyalty flowed upwards from wife to husband, son to father, common man to ruler, and ruler to heaven. Social responsibility then passed downwards, with each individual obliged to care for the next stratum below. Confucius saw human nature as basically good but easily corrupted by poor leadership.
Taoism stressed self-cultivation and severing one's personal ties to an imperfect world
Buddhism a doctrine of man as inherently imperfect, but, through religious practice, able to embark on a gradual journey of self-improvement through multiple incarnations toward a purified future
