Answer to Question 1
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Answer to Question 2
The dust in the ISM makes distant stars appear fainter than they would if space were
perfectly transparent. This phenomenon is called interstellar extinction, and in the neighborhood of the Sun it amounts to about 1 magnitude per thousand parsecs (pc) at visual wavelengths.
The ISM dust also affects the colors of stars. That is the reason why extinction is more severe at shorter wavelengths, which makes stars look redder than they should be. Some hot but distant O stars, for instance, actually look red and not blue. This effect is called interstellar reddening.
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Hail is precipitation in the form of hard, rounded pellets of ice.
Shaking. A form of coarse vibration to a muscle or muscle group.
How to quickly determine the maximum or minimum value of a quadratic equation in standard form
Write the following in standard form
The B-form DNA double helix