Answer to Question 1
A pulsar emits a very regular pattern of radiation in the radio band. The pulsation period is extremely constant and has a period between a few tenths of a second and a few seconds. Such a regular pattern of radiation was unexpected in nature, and clearly represented a new phenomenon.
Answer to Question 2
First, the moon was not perfect. It had mountains and valleys on its surface, and Galileo even used some of the mountains' shadows to calculate their height.
Second, the Milky Way was made up of myriad stars too faint to see with the unaided eye.
Third, four new planets circling Jupiter, objects known today as the Galilean moons of Jupiter.