Answer to Question 1
During a total lunar eclipse, you would see Earth's atmosphere lit from behind by the sun. The red glow from this ring of sunsets and sunrises around the circumference of Earth shines into the umbra of Earth's shadow, making the umbra not completely dark. That glow illuminates the moon during totality and makes it glow coppery red.
Answer to Question 2
As the Moon orbits Earth, it rotates to keep the same side facing Earth, so we see the same features of the Moon from Earth, and never see the far side of the Moon. That does not mean, however, that the far side is always in the dark. All parts of the Moon experience day and night in a month-long cycle. Any location on the Moon is sunlit for two weeks and is in darkness for two weeks as the Moon rotates.
Synaptic response of photoreceptors to dark and light.
Far side of the Moon
The Moon’s Interior
Mercury and Our Moon
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