Answer to Question 1
The Miller-Urey experiments involved passing an electrical charge (lightning) through a primordial soup of chemicals believed to be similar to those which existed on early Earth. The result was the same simple amino acids found today in all living things on Earth.
Answer to Question 2
Life must be able to react, grow, reproduce, and evolve. However, these rules are not hard and fast; things that are not alive, such as stars, may satisfy several of these requirements. Viruses do most of these things but are not generally considered to be alive either.
Mendel's Monohybrid Experiments p2
Allen Test: An occluded ulnar artery results in continued pallor of the hand while the radial artery
Polar Nature of Water Molecules
A Schematic Description of the Experiment by Misanin, Miller, and Lewis (1968)
In the 1960s, social psychologists did highly creative but controversial experiments. This photo, ...
The results of reciprocal crosses between streptomycin-resistant and streptomycin-sensitive