The counternull statistic is useful for minimizing which of the following common errors (in thinking about effect sizes)?
a. the ecological fallacy
b. inferring that a failure to reject the null hypothesis also implies an effect size of zero
c. error of equating the rejection of the null hypothesis with having demonstrated a scientifically important effect
d. b and c
Question 2
____________ tells us the nonnull magnitude of the effect size that is supported by exactly the same amount of evidence as is the null value of the effect size.
a. The chi-square statistic
b. The Pearson's r
c. The counternull statistic
d. The coefficient of determination