Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
a. Your latitude is 30N. Because it is the summer solstice, the Sun follows a path 23.5 north of the celestial equator through the sky. Thus, the Sun's meridian altitude of 83.5S tells you that the celestial equator crosses the meridian at 60S. Because we know that the celestial equator crosses the meridian at 90 - (your latitude), your latitude is 90 - 60 = 30; it is north latitude because the celestial equator is in your southern sky.
b. Your longitude is 150W. The Sun is on your meridian, so it is noon for you. The UT clock reads 22:00, or 10 P.M., so Greenwich is 10 hours ahead of you. Each hour represents 15 of longitude, so 10 hours means 150; you are west of Greenwich because your time is behind.