According to the discussion of logical reasoning,
a. conditional reasoning does not seem to require the use of working memory.
b. conditional reasoning is the one area in which negative information and positive information are equally easy to process.
c. people usually perform better on conditional reasoning problems if the statements are concrete, rather than abstract.
d. surprisingly, people actually have more trouble solving a concrete problem than an abstract problem.
Question 2
Which of the following students' statements best summarizes the research on the belief-bias effect?
a. Petra: The belief-bias effect shows us how top-down processing influences logical reasoning; we should emphasize the actual information in the reasoning problem.
b. Chris: The belief-bias effect illustrates how people systematically keep trying to confirm a hypothesis, rather than trying to disconfirm it.
c. Josh: According to the belief-bias effect, people systematically prefer a conclusion that is stated in the positive form, rather than a conclusion that uses the word not.
d. Cynthia: The belief-bias effect shows us that people draw conclusions in logical reasoning on the basis of how frequently their prior beliefs come to mind.
Edward Bellamy, author of the utopian novel Looking Backward (1888) Bellamy’s socialism worried many
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