According to research on the testing effect,
a. although testing can improve recall, it is not as helpful as spending the same amount of time studying.
b. testing consistently improves recall, no matter whether the retention interval is short or long.
c. this effect operates only when students receive feedback on their test scores.
d. one explanation is that test-taking creates desirable difficulties.
Question 2
The research on practice and memory improvement demonstrates that
a. for most people, one exposure to the material is sufficient unless that material is extremely difficult.
b. several reviews of the same materialwithout taking breaks in betweenis especially effective.
c. in general, we have little evidence for the total time hypothesis.
d. learning is more effective if learning trials are spread out over time, rather than if you study without a break.
Effect of predator on prey populations.
Evolutionary ecologists live and do research in contemporary cultures that maintain all or some aspe
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