Which of the following definitions for the term foresight bias is most accurate?
a. A foresight bias occurs when the researchers try to anticipatein advancethe problems with a study.
b. Foresight bias occurs when researchers examine the dependent variables to see whether they will be high in external validity.
c. Foresight bias occurs when people judge their mastery of some material that they have been studying, although they have been using an inappropriate mnemonic device.
d. Foresight bias occurs when people are too confident that they will do well on a future exam, based on the estimates they make while studying the material
Question 2
Sean is studying for his philosophy final exam. He knows that the test will be all essays, and he knows that the professor often asks students to compare two philosophical approaches.
As part of his studying, he writes several practice essays in which he compares some philosophical approaches. Sean's study method makes use of the cognitive principle called
a. implicit memory.
b. the hierarchy technique.
c. encoding specificity.
d. method of loci.
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