Answer to Question 1
ANSWER: An increasing number of students in U.S. schools come from homes where a
language other than English is spoken in the home. These students are identified as
English-language learners. Some students also have a learning disability in addition to
their poor proficiency in English. They need instruction that treats both of these
problems, that is, methods for English-language learners and methods for their learning
disability.
Answer to Question 2
ANSWER: Language is a communication process. Listening and reading are receptive language
forms; talking and writing are expressive language forms. The sender of the message
must convert the idea in language symbols (speaking or writing) to send it to another
person. The receiver of the message must convert the oral or written symbols (through
listening or reading) back into the idea. Problems can occur anywhere along this
communication processin coding the idea into symbols, in the mechanics of sending
it, in decoding the message, or in translating the message into ideas.
Observational learning in octopuses
(a) Pronghorn, native grazers of the temperate grasslands of North America.
Learning without Reinforcement (2 of 2)
Two language centers of the brain
Latent Learning
A sample of work by a Grade 4 student with a specific learning disorder