Answer to Question 1
Reading fluency is rate and accuracy in reading. Historical interventions have focused on
having students practice reading a piece of text orally several times (called repeated readings).
readings being first modeled by the teacher or a peer, and sometimes, the student just practices improving his or her time and accuracy independently.
Recent interventions focus on
trying to improve not only the rate and accuracy of oral reading, but also on strengthening the ties between fluent reading and comprehension.
teaching of strategies that involve previewing text, summarizing paragraphs, reading with inflection, or monitoring errors to improve not only fluency, but comprehension as well.
Answer to Question 2
Arguments that show the effectiveness of direct instruction would fit well as an introduction. The cognitive processes implicated in learning disabilities should be linked to the suitability of direct instruction. Steps for direct instruction are:
Identify specific objectives.
Develop plans to have student meet objectives.
Introduce single concepts in preplanned lessons.
Select multiple examples (such as this is red) and non-examples (this is not red).
Be scrupulous about sequencing skills appropriately and in small steps.
Provide ample practice opportunities (both guided and independent).
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