Answer to Question 1
Answer: B
Answer to Question 2
Historian Marcus Hansen's (1952) principle of third-generation interest was an early exception to the assimilationist approach to White ethnic groups. Simply stated, Hansen maintained that in the third generationthe grandchildren of the original immigrants ethnic interest and awareness would increase. According to Hansen, What the son wishes to forget, the grandson wishes to remember.
Hansen's principle has been tested several times since it was first put forth. John Goering (1971), in interviewing Irish and Italian Catholics, found that ethnicity was more important to members of the third generation than to the immigrants themselves. Similarly, Mary Waters (1990)in her interviews of White ethnics living in suburban areas of San Jose, California, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvaniaobserve d that many grandchildren wanted to study their ancestors' language, even though it would be a foreign language to them. They also expressed interest in learning more of their ethnic group's history and a desire to visit their homeland.
The new assertiveness of ethnicity is not limited to Whites of European descent. Many members of third and successive generations of Asian and Latin American immigrants are showing renewed interest in their native languages. The very languages they avoided or even scorned themselves as children, they now want to learn as young adults. Heritage language programs have become increasingly common. Even when the descendants may easily communicate in their native language in everyday life, they often find they lack the language tools necessary for more sophisticated vocabulary or to be able to read easily.
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