Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
Social capital refers to the collective benefit of durable social networks and their patterns of reciprocal trust. Much has been written about the strength of family and friendship networks among all racial and ethnic minorities. Family reunions are major events. Family history and storytelling are rich and full. Kinfolk are not merely acquaintances but truly living assets upon which one depends or, at the very least, feels comfortable to call upon repeatedly. Networks outside the family are critical to coping in a society that often seems to be determined to keep anyone who looks like a particular person down. But given past as well as current discrimination and prejudice, these social networks may help one become a construction worker, but they are less likely to get one into a boardroom. Residential and school segregation make developing social capital more difficult. Immigrant professionals find that their skills or advanced degrees are devalued, and they are shut out of networks of the educated and influential. Working-class Latino and Black workers have begun to develop informal social ties with their White coworkers and neighbors. Professional immigrants, in time, become accepted as equals, but racial and ethnic minority communities continue to resist institutional marginalization.
Detail of the Chinese-style gate of Nishi Hongan-ji in Kyoto; Momoyama period; National Treasure
Median Age at First Marriage in the United States
Free Blacks in 1850
Reconstruction Drawing of the Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut Deir El-bahri
This table shows the growth of a crowd at a rally over a 3 h period.