Answer to Question 1
world systems theory
Answer to Question 2
A program of bilingual education may instruct children in their native language while gradually introducing them to the language of the dominant society. If such a program also is bicultural, it will teach children about the culture of both linguistic groups. Proponents believe that, ideally, bilingual education programs should also allow English-speaking pupils to be bilingual, but generally they are directed only at making nonEnglish speakers proficient in more than one language. It is difficult to reach firm conclusions on the effectiveness of the bilingual programs in general because they vary so widely in their approach to nonEnglish-speaking children. The programs differ in the length of the transition to English and how long they allow students to remain in bilingual classrooms. The most successful are paired bilingual programs or those offering ongoing instruction in a native language and English at different times of the day.
