Answer to Question 1
A
Answer to Question 2
Typically, intelligence is measured as an intelligence quotient (IQ), which is the ratio of a person's mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100, with 100 representing average intelligence and higher scores representing greater intelligence. A great deal of debate continues over the accuracy of IQ tests. People argue that they are biased toward people who come to the tests with knowledge similar to that of the test writers. Skeptics argue that questions in IQ tests do not truly measure intellectual potential. The question of cultural bias in tests remains a concern. The most recent research shows that differences in intelligence scores between Blacks and Whites are almost eliminated when adjustments are made for social and economic characteristics. The debate about what is intelligence and what constitutes racial groups still continues. Despite these shortcomings, the IO research reemerges because the argument that we are superior to them is appealing to the dominant group. It justifies receiving opportunities that are denied to others.
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