Suppose a professor is discussing a personality test that was designed to test optimism. She says that the test has high validity. From this statement, you know that
a. people who get a low score one week are likely to get a high score the next week.
b. there are significant gender differences on this test.
c. individual differences in optimism can be explained by factors such as hormones and brain structures.
d. the test predicts how optimistic people are, using some other measure of optimism.
Question 2
What can we conclude about the grades that males and females receive in mathematics courses?
a. Girls receive higher grades than boys up through sixth grade, but older boys receive higher grades than do older girls.
b. No consistent gender differences have been reported in math grades.
c. With some consistency, girls receive higher grades.
d. With some consistency, boys receive higher grades.
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