Despite the analytical usefulness of learning about anthropologist Elman Service's typology of political organization into bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states, it is important to remember that
A. Bronislaw Malinowski first came up with this typology.
B. it applies only to the reality of societies in the so-called Third World.
C. none of these political entities, or polities, can be studied as a self-contained form of political organization, because all exist within nation-states.
D. it has no practical value in ethnographic research, only in theoretical anthropology.
E. people all over the world vocally reject being classified under such a typology and typically express their anger through hidden transcripts.
Question 2
Anthropologist Susan Kent notes a tendency to stereotype foragers, to treat them as all alike. They used to be stereotyped as isolated, primitive survivors of the Stone Age. Another common, more recent, stereotype of foragers sees them as
A. peaceful individuals in touch with their inner selves.
B. culturally deprived people forced by states, colonialism, or world events into marginalized environments.
C. ideal humans with the perfect diet and rhythm of life.
D. not isolated at all but living in nation-states and in an interlinked world.
E. primitive survivors not of the Stone Age but of the Bronze Age.
Cone of Learning (adapted from Dale).
Observational learning in octopuses
Typology of 11 functional health patterns
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