Which of the following attributes distinguishes states from chiefdoms?
A. large residences
B. a paramount ruler
C. sharp class distinctions
D. a subsistence economy based on domesticated species
E. armed conflict between competing communities
Question 2
Robert Carneiro (1970) put forth an influential theory that incorporates three factors working together instead of a single cause for state formation. These three factors are
A. warfare, environmental circumscription, and the advent of an early writing system.
B. regional trade networks, food scarcity, and warfare.
C. a strong central leadership, a uniting vision as a people, and food shortages.
D. intensive food production, population pressures, and large hydraulic works.
E. environmental circumscription or resource concentration, increasing population, and warfare.
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