Several studies have shown that apes can learn to use symbol systems based on manual gestures or visual icons
A) and therefore this demonstrates that apes can be taught language
B) but cannot create new symbols
C) such that they spontaneously develop rules of syntax for symbol use
D) but their language lacks the complexity of human language
E) none of these: apes have not learned to use symbol systems
Question 2
Which statement best describes the relationship between dominance rank and reproductive success (RS) among primate males?
A) Strong rank differences are not characteristic of primate males and, in most species, all adult males have roughly similar levels of RS.
B) No association between dominance rank and RS, in either the short-term or the long-term, have been reported for primate males.
C) There is a positive lifetime correlation between these variables. Males born low-ranking will father few offspring; males born high-ranking will produce many.
D) There is weak corrolation with high RS in both the short term and long term for all high ranking males.
E) High rank may occasionally be correlated with high RS in the short-term, but the lifetime effects of rank on reproduction are unknown.
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